How To Read Colour Codes in Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. It’s ability to restrict electric current is various depend on the value of the resistor itself. In this article, we will learn how to read the colour codes in resistor to know it’s value. Enjoy!

The common shape of resistor is like the picture below :

There are 3 kind of resistor that use the colour codes, they are :

1. Resistor with 4 colour band with 1 colour band as tolerance
2. Resistor with 5 colour band with 1 colour band as tolerance
3. Resistor with 5 colour band with 1 colour band as tolerance and 1 colour band as reliability

To read the resistor colour codes, we can simply look at the following table, and it can easily memorized too!!

To help you understand the table, we can try to read a resistor like the picture shown below :

To read the resistor code, follow these simple easy steps :

1. Place the resistor in front of you with the tolerance band (gold or silver) on your right side. Sometimes there will be no tolerance band, simlply find the side that has a band closest to a lead and make that the first band.  
2. The first colour on your left is the first digit  ( Brown = 1)
3.  The second colour is the second digit  ( Brown = 1 )
4. The third number is the third digit ( Black = 0 )
5. The fourth colour indicates the numberof zero to add ( Red = 2 ) (Gold, multiply by 0,1)(silver multiply by 0,01)
6. The fifth colour is the tolerance (Gold = ± 5%)

Therefore: a Brown, Brown, Black, Red, Gold resistor would be a 1 1 0 00 = 11000 ohms with a tolerance 5%

This can be written as 11,0 K.

Here are some othe exmple to help you understand more about the colour codes in resistor

Remember the colour codes with this sentences: Big Brown Rabbits Often

Yield Great Big Vocal Groans When Gingerly Slapped

(Black Brown Red Orangs Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Gold Silver)

Hope you understand more about colour codes in resistor, Good Luck Everyone :)
(DEYA IKA WARDANI 112110038)

Source :

http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-read-color-codes-from-resistors-1/

http://alwajiz.wordpress.com/2007/02/19/kode-warna-resistor/

http://www.bcdxc.org/resistor_color_codes.htm

http://brunningsoftware.co.uk/ResVal.htm
http://www.gwellwood.com/electronics/how-to-read-resistor-codes/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor

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Types of Switches that Mostly Used in Industries

Switch is a device that can break a circuit and also connect them again to set some kind of electrical things. This device can be referred as one of the main device in a circuit. There’s a lot of switches that usually used in industrial aspects:

• Toggle Switch
  
  

This kind of switch is the most common switch that we used daily. the mechanism is as simple as breaking and connecting the circuit current.

• Slide Switch

this kind of switch is usually used in small scale circuit. the mechanism is quite same with toggle switch but with "slide" operations. this slide is also can be used as selector switch.

• Push Button Switch

this also types of switches that really familiar with our daily lives. this is a kind of mechanical switches that manually break or connect the circuit by using spring mechanism that applied to the button.

• Rotary Switch

This switch is usually used for switching some condition in electrical circuit. This kind of circuit is operated by twisting the head until the indicator is indicating certain condition.

this applied to in switching multiple conditions in electrical circuits.

• Temperature Switch

this kind of switch is using temperature as the parameter to operate. certain temperature level is set to operate this kind of switch. it can be useful for setting some safety factor in industries.

• Liquid Level Switch

this switches using floating object principle to operate, it will give an action when the floating object is reacing certain level. it can also called as liquid level sensor. it can be applied for valve control in a water reservoir.

• Pressure Switches 

          Pressure switches is a switch that using a certain pressure level as the input. this kind of switch is usually used in automobiles industries. it's also can be used for controlling safety factor in a production floor. this kind of switch divided into Pneumatic switches and Hydraulic Switches.

However, switch is an important device that used in electrical thing, the application of this device is highly various depends on what's needed.

Author : Randy Pradana - 112110094 - TI 35 INT - Telkom Institute of Technology

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Induction Heating

Induction heating is unique. As compered the most conventional heating processes use for pre-heating and stress for leaving. It is non-contact method of quickly heating metal by inducting current in the part. Therefore it does not rely on heating element to touch the part to conduct heat or flame to the part.

Induction heating conventional uses are many, for example : brazing, melting, forging, super heating, etc. now induction heating being successful use in industrial and construction application involving welding, such as pre-heating before welding and stress for leaving after welding.

So, what happened in induction heating? When the electrical current flows through conductor, it produces a magnetic field around the conductor.

By alternating the current, the magnetic field is reversed. Placing conducting material like metal, in the alternating magnetic field, causes the material heat up. Localize electrical current called eddy currents are created within the metal. The metal has a certain electrical resistance. The circulating eddy currents flow against the metal resistance, causing it heat up.

Another contributing factor to heating is hysteresis. This is crisis due to the material resistance to the changing magnetic field. Eddy current heating provides significantly more heating than hysteresis.

 Induction Heating for Pre-heating or Stress for leaving

Induction heating uses conductive cable which can be rope around or placed on a metal part to be heated. Alternating current passes through the cable, creating a magnetic field in the part. They reversing magnetic field create eddy currents and hysteresis and then create heat.

The part becomes the heating elements and the highest temperature is generated and control in the part rather than heating device. This makes induction heating really efficient.

Some benefits of induction heating:

• Temperature uniformity
•  Automatic temperature control
• Reduce cycle time (quick time to temperature)
•  Lower consumable cost( not using fuel gas )
• Simple and using friendly
• Safety
• Flexibility (pre-heat, stress for leaving, etc)
• Power efficiency
• Reliability (no burned connectors or wires or open heating pads)

Dian Ayu Aprianti (112110091)

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LADSIM - Ladder Logic Simulator

LADSIM is a fully functional ladder logic design and PLC simulation software program that incorporates the functions used in PLC ladder programming. LADSIM uses the PC as a virtual PLC.

   Figure 1. LADSIM Interface

There are three main screen of LADSIM:

1.      The Ladder Logic Diagram Window

      This is where the ladder code is displayed. Each time you add or edit a rung, the result will be shown here. 

       Rung is serves as conditioning for command input and output logic.

2.      The Controls box.

      This contains the ladder symbols that are used to create the ladder diagram. See below for further details. 

  

3.      The toolbar

      This includes the standard buttons of LADSIM and allows you to start a new diagram, open an existing file, print, save and comment your ladder diagram.

You aso can apply your ladder code to run simulations in LADSIM. These simulations are:   

1.       Traffic Light

 

      Code must be written to control the sequence of operation of the lights. A typical sequence could be : RED 'ON' immediately After 2 seconds YELLOW 'ON' After 3 seconds GREEN 'ON' only After 5 seconds YELLOW 'ON' only After 1 second Restart Sequence. The task would be to code this sequence in ladder logic and operate the lights accordingly.

2.       The Annunciator

       In industry, plant conditions need to be monitored and, if there are problems, a way of indicating these problems. An indicator system of this type is called an annunciator. A typical alarm system uses the following sequence to indicate a plant alarm condition to an operator. System healthy - no indication. System in alarm - a flashing light and audible alarm.

The annunciator in LADSIM must be programmed to allow the correct operation. 

3.       The Car Park

      The diagram shows the layout of a simple car park. It has an entry barrier and an exit barrier. The car park itself has six spaces and a series of displays to indicate whether it is full, has spaces or is empty, with a numerical indicator to determine the exact amount.

Ladder code needs to be written that will allow cars into the car park when it is empty or has spaces and to exit the car park through the correct barrier. Ladder code must also be written to control the display boxes in the centre of the screen.

4.       The Lift (Elevator)

      A program is required that will drive the lift from one floor to the other on a signal from the call button. Safety is essential and we must be careful not to have anything obstructing the operation of the doors.

 

5.       The Drinks Machine

       When a coin is placed into the slot, the user should be able to select his or her favourite drink or reject the coin. It is important to ensure that the coin cannot be rejected once a drink has been selected or that selecting a drink disables all of the other drink buttons. 

6.       The Packing Line

      The packing line carries boxes of different sizes which need to be separated into their relevant sizes.

Which direction the boxes go is decided by using the input sensors IP0 and IP1. If a box is short, only one of the inputs is energised at any one time. If it is a long box, then both inputs will be energised. These results can then be used to activate the correct solenoid and the direction of rotation of the circular plate.

 7.       The Bottling Plant

       The graphic is an overview of a simplified bottling plant with a filling station and packing area. Bottles are fed along the first conveyor, conveyor 1, into the filling station. The bottles must be stopped and filled with milk and then have a cap placed on them. Once accomplished, they go onto conveyor 2 where the cap is screwed on tight. They are finally stacked in the stacker area where they are pushed onto conveyor 3.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacts

http://www.bytronic.net/html/ladsim.html

www.edusoft.co.za/ladsim.htm

http://belajarotomasi.blogspot.com/2012/05/ladsim-ladder-logic-simulator.html

Imelia Rizki Lestari

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Electronic Components

     Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components. Electronic components have two or more electrical terminals (or leads). These leads connect, usually soldered to a printed circuit board (PCSB), to create an electronic circuit. Now i will introduce you to several electronic components.

1. Capasitor

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

2.Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronics signals and electrical power. 

It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. 

3.Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

4. Thermo switch

This switch works automatically when changes the temperature value exceeds the nominal value

5.LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.

6.Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal

7.Push Button

A push button switch or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. 

8. Toggle Switch

A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism.

9.Slide Switch

Slide switch uses a simple slide action to produce the same connections as a toggle switch

10.Diode

In electronics, diode is a two-terminal electronic component with an asymmetric transfer characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other

11. 7 segment

A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information.

12.Transformer

A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the Transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding.

13.AC motor

An AC Motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). It commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field.

14.Oscillator

An Oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. 

15.Solenoid

A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. A solenoid is a device that converts energy into linear motion

16.SCR

A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a four-layer solid state current controlling device. The SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER, usually referred to as an SCR, is one of the family of semiconductors that includes transistors and diodes.

17.Zener Diode

A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage" or "zener voltage" or "avalanche point".

18.IC

IC (integrated circuits) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components.

19.FUSE

A Fuse is type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source circuit. A fuse is a safety device that lies in series in a circuit between an electrical source and its associated load(s). When the current, or flow of electricity, exceeds its designed threshold, the fuse is calibrated to permanently open the series circuit, thereby disconnecting the load(s) from the power source.

20. LDR

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.

21.Potentiometer

A potentiometer informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.

22.Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency

    Thats not all, there are still many other electronic components. i just listing some of them. Happy learning Electronic Industry

Aziz Pratama (112110004)

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